Research progress in ecological prevention of dental caries / 中华口腔医学杂志

Dental caries is one of the most common oral diseases around the world. Dental plaque attached to the surfaces of teeth is the main biological factor leading to caries. Although fluoride is still one of the most commonly used methods to prevent caries, with the change of epidemiological characteristics of caries and the update of the understanding of caries etiology, it is necessary to use other ecological methods such as antimicrobial peptides, arginine, probiotics and natural products, etc. to enhance the effect of fluoride in preventing dental caries. The present article reviews the research progress on the ecological approaches for caries prevention in recent years.

Cárie de radiação: efeitos da radioterapia na estrutura dentária / Caries de radiación: efectos de la radiación en la estructura dental / Radiation caries: effects of radiotherapy on dental structure

Introdução: Pacientes submetidos à radioterapia para tratamento de neoplasias malignas na região de cabeça e pescoço são propensos a desenvolver complicações orais como a cárie de radiação, que evolui rapidamente e é altamente destrutiva.É reconhecido que o seu desenvolvimento está associado a alterações pós-radioterápicas nas glândulas salivares maiores, o que resulta em hipossalivação e alteração nos constituintes salivares. No entanto, tem sido aceito que danos diretos causados pela radiação à estrutura dentária podem acelerar a progressão da cárie e estudos têm demonstrado alterações morfológicas e físicas em dentes humanos após radioterapia. Objetivo: Propõe-se apresentar um caso de cárie de radiação e os efeitos diretos da radioterapia na estrutura dentária. Relato de caso: Paciente masculino, 60 anos de idade, com queixa principal de fragilidade dentária; relatou história de carcinoma epidermóide em língua há 18 meses e que o protocolo de tratamento aplicado foi quimioterapia (38 sessões), radioterapia (38 sessões) e cirurgia. Ao exame físico, dentre as alterações observadas, destacou-se a presença de regiões cervicais dentárias enegrecidas com coroas bastante fragilizadas em todos os dentes remanescentes, características de cárie de radiação. Foi realizado um tratamento atraumático, que está em acompanhamento. Conclusões: A cárie de radiação tem como principal fator etiológico alterações salivares qualitativas e quantitativas. A discussão sobre os efeitos diretos da radioterapia sobre a estrutura dentária ainda é bastante polêmica na literatura odontológica. Desta forma, sugere-se que mais estudos sejam realizados de forma sistemática, de maneira mais completa e padronizada(AU)

Introducción: Los pacientes sometidos a radioterapia para el tratamiento de tumores malignos en la cabeza y el cuello son propensos a desarrollar complicaciones bucales, tales como caries de radiación que evoluciona rápidamente y es altamente destructiva. Se reconoce que el desarrollo se asocia con cambios posradioterapia en las glándulas salivales, que resulta en hiposalivación y el cambio en los componentes salivales. Sin embargo, se ha aceptado que los daños por radiación directa a la estructura dental puede acelerar la progresión de la caries y los estudios han demostrado cambios morfológicos y físicos en los dientes humanos después de la radioterapia. Objetivo: presentar un caso de caries de radiación y los efectos directos de la radiación en la estructura dental. Presentación del caso: Paciente masculino de 60 años de edad, se quejaba de fragilidad dental, con historia notificada de carcinoma de células escamosas en la lengua hace 18 meses y con protocolo de tratamiento aplicado de quimioterapia (38 sesiones), terapia de radiación (38 sesiones) y cirugía. En el examen físico, de los cambios observados, se destacó la presencia de regiones cervicales dentarias negruzcas con coronas bastante frágiles en todos los dientes restantes, características de caries de radiación. El tratamiento atraumático se realizó y el paciente está bajo observación. Conclusiones: los cambios cuantitativos y cualitativos salivales actúa como el factor causal principal de la caries por radiación. La discusión acerca de los efectos directos de la radiación sobre la estructura del diente es todavía muy controvertido en la literatura dental. Por lo tanto, se sugiere que se realicen estudios adicionales de manera sistemática, más completa y estandarizada(AU)

Introduction: Patients undergoing radiotherapy as treatment for malignant head and neck tumors are prone to develop oral complications such as radiation caries, which evolves rapidly and is highly destructive. Such development is known to be caused by post-radiotherapy alterations in salivary glands resulting in hyposalivation and changes in salivary components. However, it has been accepted that damage by direct radiation to the dental structure may hasten the progress of caries development, and studies have shown the morphological and physical changes occurring in human teeth after radiotherapy. Objective: Present a case of radiation caries and the direct effects of radiation on dental structure. Case presentation: A 60-year-old male patient complains of dental fragility. The patient was diagnosed with squamous-cell carcinoma of the tongue 18 months ago and indicated chemotherapy (38 sessions), radiotherapy (38 sessions) and surgery. Physical examination revealed among other changes the presence of blackish cervical areas with quite fragile crowns in all remaining teeth, which are characteristic of radiation caries. Non-traumatic treatment was performed and the patient is now under observation. Conclusions: Salivary quantitative and qualitative changes are the main cause of radiation caries. Discussion about the direct effects of radiation on dental structure is still quite controversial in the literature on the topic. It is therefore suggested to conduct further studies in a more systematic, complete and standardized manner(AU)

Alteraciones bucales asociadas a Diabetes mellitus tipo 1 en niños y adolescentes. Instituto de Endocrinología. Cuba. 2014-2015 / Buccal alterations associated to Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in children and adolescents. Institute of Endocrinology. Cuba. 2014-2015

Introducción: La Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1 es una enfermedad sistémica crónica con repercusión a nivel bucal. Elevadas concentraciones de glucosa sanguínea de manera sostenida generan disminución del flujo salival, disminución de la respuesta vascular periférica lo que contribuye a la acumulación de placa bacteriana y tártaro, al desarrollo de caries, halitosis y enfermedad periodontal. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación de las alteraciones bucales y la Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1 en niños y adolescentes. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional de casos y controles, con un grupo de niños y adolescentes con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1 (Grupo 1), de edades comprendidas entre 3 a 18 años y un grupo de niños y adolescentes sin Diabetes Mellitus (Grupo 2) de edades y sexo comparables. Resultados: Los pacientes con diabetes resultaron más afectados por xerostomía (37.8 por ciento), úlceras (55.6 por ciento) y periodontopatías (71.1 por ciento) que los pacientes sin diabetes, siendo estos resultados muy significativos estadísticamente, a diferencia de la afectación por caries dental y el comportamiento de la higiene bucal donde las diferencias no fueron estadísticamente significativas. Conclusiones: La Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1 se relaciona con las alteraciones bucales, así los niños y adolescentes diabéticos presentan mayor frecuencia de periodontopatías, xerostomía y úlceras que los niños y adolescentes sin diabetes, no sucede así con la caries dental ni la higiene bucal(AU)

Introduction: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic systemic disease with a repercussion upon a buccal level. High concentrations of maintained blood glucose generate a decrease of both the salivary flow and the peripheral vascular response, which contributes to the accumulation of bacterial plaque and tartar, the growth of cavities, halitosis, and periodontal diseases. Objective: To determine the association between buccal alterations and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in children and adolescents. Material and Methods: A case-control observational study was done in a group of children and adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (Group 1), from ages 3 to 18, and in a group of children and adolescents without Diabetes Mellitus (Group 2), of compared ages and sexes. Results: The patients with diabetes were more affected by xerostomia (37.8 percent), ulcers (55.6 percent), and periodontopathies (71.1 percent) than the patients without diabetes, being these results very significant statistically, unlike the affectation by dental cavities and the behavior of buccal hygiene where the differences were not statistically significant. Conclusions: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is related to buccal alterations; this way, diabetic children and adolescents present more frequent periodontopathies, xerostomies and ulcers than children and adolescents without diabetes, but it does not happen with dental cavities or buccal hygiene(AU)

Absceso alveolar agudo en pacientes mayores de 19 años. Municipio Unión de Reyes / Acute alveolar abscess in patients elder 19 years old. Municipality Union de Reyes

Introducción: frecuentemente las infecciones de la cavidad bucal son el resultado del deterioro que provoca la caries con exposición de la pulpa dental. Una higiene dental descuidada o inadecuada, y complicaciones asociadas a enfermedades periodontales, son otras de las causas, que pueden incidir en la aparición de procesos infecciosos. Objetivo: caracterizar el comportamiento del absceso alveolar agudo en los pacientes mayores de 19 años en la consulta de urgencia estomatológica del poblado de Alacranes, Municipio Unión de Reyes. Materiales y Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo en pacientes mayores de 19 años, del área de Alacranes municipio Unión de Reyes. El universo de estudio estuvo constituido por los pacientes que acudieron a la consulta de urgencia estomatológica, de enero de 2011 a enero 2012. Con previo consentimiento informado la muestra la constituyó 135 pacientes, con patológica de absceso alveolar agudo, teniendo en cuenta las variables: edad, sexo, etiología y complicaciones. Los datos obtenidos fueron registrados en una base de datos y se procesaron estadísticamente. Resultados: los grupos de 20-29 años y el sexo masculino fueron los más afectados, con 38 % y 54.8 %, respectivamente. La causa fundamental fue la caries dental con un 91.8 %. La celulitis facial resultó la complicación más frecuente. Conclusiones: la etiología más usual del absceso alveolar agudo fue la caries dental. Los pacientes afectados que no recibieron una puntual asistencia sufrieron complicaciones (AU).

Introduction: frequently, oral cavity infections are due to the deterioration caused by caries with dental pulp exposition. An inadequate and careless dental hygiene and complications associated to periodontal diseases are other reasons the may lead to the occurrence of infectious processes. Objective: Characterise the behaviour of the absceso alveolar acute in the greater patients of 19 years in the query of urgency estomatológica of the populated of Alacranes, municipality Union de Reyes. Materials and Methods: a descriptive, observational study was carried out in patients elder 19 years old, in the health area Alacranes, municipality Union de Reyes. The studied universe was formed by the patients assisting to the dentist emergency consultation from January 2011 to January 2012. With previous informed consent, the sample was formed by 135 patients with acute alveolar abscess, taking into account the following variables: age, sex, etiology and complications. The obtained data were recorded in the database and statistically processed. Results: the most affected groups were the 20-29 years-old group and the male sex, with 38 % and 54.8 % respectively. Dental caries was the main cause with 91.8 %. Facial cellulitis was the most frequent complication. Conclusions: dental caries was the most usual etiology of the acute alveolar abscess. The affected patients who did not receive opportune health care suffered complications (AU).

A saúde bucal de crianças menores de 5 anos de idade no município de Diadema / Oral health status of children under 5 years-old in Diadema

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a prevalência, gravidade e os fatores associados à cárie dentária(CD), lesão dentária traumática (LDT) e desgaste dentário erosivo (DDEr) em crianças menores de 5 anos de idade no município de Diadema, São Paulo. Cirurgiões-Dentistas treinados e calibrados examinaram o total de 1215 crianças de 1, 2, 3 e 4 anos de idade para CD e LDT e 839 crianças de 3 e 4 anos de idade para DDEr nas 19 Unidades Básicas de Saúde, durante a campanha de Multivacinação Infantil, em 2012. Utilizou-se os índices de Knutson, ceo-d e ceo-s para CD, os critérios modificados de Andreas en para LDT e o índice de O´Brien modificado para DDEr. Foram realizadas análises descritivas e regressões de Poisson (IC 95%). As prevalências encontradas levando em consideração o totalda amostra examinada foram: CD (20,3%), LDT (20,1%) e DDEr (51,3%). Os fatores associados para CDforam a idade da criança e ter dois ou mais filhos na família; para LDT a idade e a presença de mordida aberta anterior e/ou sobressaliência acentuada; para DDEr consumir refrigerante e suco mais de 3 vezes ao dia, deixar a bebida na boca ou beber na mamadeira e relato de refluxo gastroesofágico. No município de Diadema, a prevalência de CD é baixa; LDT é moderada, sendo fratura de esmalte a mais frequente; DDEr é alta, no entanto a maioria das lesões acometem somente o esmalte.

This study aimed to assess the prevalence, severity and associated factors of Dental Caries (DC),Traumatic Dental Injury (TDI) and Erosive Tooth Wear (ETW) in children under 5 years-old in the municipality of Diadema, São Paulo. Trained and calibrated dentists examined a total of 1215 children aged 1-4years-old for DC and TDI, and 839 children aged 3 and 4 years-old for ETW in 19 Primary Health Centres during the National Children’s Vaccination in 2012. For the assessment of DC the Knutson, dmf-t and dmf-s indexes were used, a modified And reasen criteria was used for TDI and a modified version of theO’Brien index for ETW. Descriptive analysis and Poisson regression (CI 95%) were used. The prevalence of DC, TDI, ETW was 20.3%, 20.1% and 51.3% respectively. The Factors associated with DC were age and having more than one child in the family, for TDI the factors were age and presence of anterior openbite and/or increased overjet and for ETW, the factors were drinking soft drink or juice more than 3 timesa day, keeping it in the mouth without swallowing or using baby’s bottle, report of gastroesophageal reflux. In Diadema, the prevalence and severity of DC lesions is low; LDT is moderate enamel fracture being the most common; DDEr is high, however most lesions only affect the enamel.

Posible asociación autoinmune entre síndrome de Laugier-Hunziker y síndrome de Sjögren: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Laugier-Hunziker syndrome in a patient with Sjögren’s syndrome: report of one case

Laugier-Hunziker syndrome is a rare benign idiopathic condition characterized by acquired macular pigmentation of lips and buccal mucosa, often accompanied with melanonychia. The main concern with this condition is to rule out other differential diagnosis with systemic repercussions and similar hyperpigmentation patterns, such as Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, adrenal insufficiency and melanoma. We report a 58-year-old female with a 20-year history of Sjögren’s syndrome, presenting with melanonychia and hyperpigmentation in the buccal mucosa. She had no relevant medication history and is a non-smoker. The patient denied any other symptoms. The histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of Laugier-Hunziker syndrome.

Chronic Stress Improves NO- and Ca2+ Flux-Dependent Vascular Function: A Pharmacological Study / Estresse Crônico Melhora a Função Vascular Dependente de NO e Fluxo De Ca2+: Um Estudo Farmacológico

Background: Stress is associated with cardiovascular diseases. Objective: This study aimed at assessing whether chronic stress induces vascular alterations, and whether these modulations are nitric oxide (NO) and Ca2+ dependent. Methods: Wistar rats, 30 days of age, were separated into 2 groups: control (C) and Stress (St). Chronic stress consisted of immobilization for 1 hour/day, 5 days/week, 15 weeks. Systolic blood pressure was assessed. Vascular studies on aortic rings were performed. Concentration-effect curves were built for noradrenaline, in the presence of L-NAME or prazosin, acetylcholine, sodium nitroprusside and KCl. In addition, Ca2+ flux was also evaluated. Results: Chronic stress induced hypertension, decreased the vascular response to KCl and to noradrenaline, and increased the vascular response to acetylcholine. L-NAME blunted the difference observed in noradrenaline curves. Furthermore, contractile response to Ca2+ was decreased in the aorta of stressed rats. Conclusion: Our data suggest that the vascular response to chronic stress is an adaptation to its deleterious effects, such as hypertension. In addition, this adaptation is NO- and Ca2+-dependent. These data help to clarify the contribution of stress to cardiovascular abnormalities. However, further studies are necessary to better elucidate the mechanisms involved in the cardiovascular dysfunction associated with stressors. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2014; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0) .

Fundamento: Estresse está associado com complicações cardiovasculares. Objetivos: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar se o estresse crônico induz alterações vasculares, e se essas alterações são dependentes de óxido nítrico (NO) e Ca2+. Métodos: Ratos machos Wistar com 30 dias de idade foram separados em 2 grupos: controle (C) e Estresse (St). Utilizou-se estresse crônico de imobilização por 1 hora/dia, 5 dias/semana, 15 semanas. Pressão arterial sistólica foi avaliada. A função vascular foi avaliada em anéis aórticos. Curvas de concentração-efeito foram realizadas para noradrenalina, na presença de L-NAME ou prazosina, cloreto de potássio (KCl), acetilcolina e nitroprussiato de sódio. Também foi efetuado um estudo para avaliação para fluxo de Ca2+. Resultados: Estresse crônico induziu hipertensão e resposta vascular diminuída para noradrenalina e KCl e aumentada para acetilcolina. A pré-incubação com L-NAME eliminou a diferença para noradrenalina. A resposta contrátil vascular para Ca2+ foi reduzida em animais estressados. Conclusão: Nossos dados sugerem que a resposta vascular ao estresse crônico seria uma adaptação aos efeitos deletérios do estresse, incluindo a hipertensão. Além disso, esses mecanismos adaptativos dependem de liberação de NO e fluxo de Ca2+. Esses resultados ajudam a esclarecer os mecanismos envolvidos nas alterações cardiovasculares associadas ao estresse. Entretanto, mais estudos são necessários para a melhor compreensão desses mecanismos. .

Impacto das condições bucais na qualidade de vida em servidores públicos municipais / The impact of oral conditions in the quality of life municipal civil servants

O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a prevalência de impactos produzidos por condições bucais na qualidade de vida de funcionários públicos e possível associação com variáveis sociodemográficas, utilização de serviços odontológicos, dor dentária e necessidade de prótese. Este estudo transversal avaliou uma amostra de 286 funcionários. Foram utilizados quatro roteiros para a coleta de dados incluindo o Oral Health Impact Profile . A associação entre as variáveis foi verificada pelo teste exato de Fisher; o Odds Ratio avaliou a magnitude da associação entre o desfecho e a exposição. Foram ajustados modelos de regressão logística para cada dimensão. O número de indivíduos que declararam impacto foi de 93 (32,5%). A maior predição de impacto esteve associada à idade, condição socioeconômica, escolaridade, utilização de serviço odontológico, necessidade de prótese e dor de dente. Grande número de indivíduos declararam impacto na qualidade de vida devido a problemas bucais.

The scope of this article is to verify the prevalence of the impact produced by oral health conditions on the quality of life of civil servants and the possible association with social and demographic variables, utilization of dental services, dental pain and the need for prosthetics. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess a random sample of 286 public employees. Data was collected using four questionnaires including the Oral Health Impact Profile. The association between the variables was measured using Fisher's Exact Test; the Odds Ratio evaluated the strength of association between impact and exposure. Logistic regression models were adjusted for each dimension. Ninety-three individuals (32.5%) declared impacts. The main impact prediction was associated with age, social and economic status, education, the use of dental services, the need for prosthetics and dental pain. A considerable number of individuals declared an impact on quality of life due to oral conditions.

Associação entre impactos funcionais e psicossociais das desordens bucais e qualidade de vida entre idosos / Association between physical and psychosocial impacts of oral disorders and quality of life among the elderly

Objetivou-se avaliar a associação entre o impacto das desordens bucais em suas dimensões física/psicossocial e a qualidade de vida entre idosos. Estudo transversal conduzido entre idosos (65-74 anos), em 2008/2009. O impacto foi avaliado através do Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP 14) e a qualidade de vida, através do Short-Form Health Survey SF 12. Foram realizadas análises descritivas, univariadas e múltiplas (regressões logísticas), com correção pelo efeito de desenho, utilizando-se o PASW(r) 18.0. Dos 800 convidados, participaram 736 idosos (TR = 92%), com a média de idade de 67,77 anos, a maioria não apresentou impacto, a partir da medida da prevalência do OHIP. A dimensão limitação funcional do OHIP foi associada ao domínio físico do SF12, independentemente de outras variáveis investigadas. Já a gravidade do OHIP, as suas dimensões de desconforto psicológico e deficiência, foram associadas ao domínio mental do SF12. Conclui-se que alguns impactos das desordens bucais estiveram associados a uma qualidade de vida insatisfatória em seus domínios físico e mental.

This study sought to evaluate the association between the impact of oral disorders in terms of physical/psychosocial dimensions and quality of life among the elderly. It involved a cross-sectional study conducted among the elderly (65-74 years) in 2008/2009. The social impact was assessed using the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP 14) and the quality of life using the SF 12 Short-Form Health Survey. Descriptive, univariate and multivariate (logistic regression) analysis was conducted with correction for the design effect, using SPSS(r)18.0 software. Of the 800 individuals approached, 736 elderly individuals participated (TR = 92%), with a mean age of 67.77 years, the majority of whom showed no impact based on the measurement of the prevalence of OHIP. The functional limitation dimension of the OHIP was associated with the physical domain of the SF12, irrespective of the other variables investigated. However, the seriousness of OHIP and its psychological discomfort and disability dimensions was associated with the mental domain of the SF12. The conclusion reached is that some impacts of oral disorders were associated with unsatisfactory quality of life in the physical and mental domains.

Leucoplasia pilosa bucal: presentación de caso clínico / Bucal hairy leukoplakia: a case report

Se presenta caso clínico de paciente con lesiones blanquecinas en bordes laterales de lengua de 1 año de evolución aproximadamente; clínicamente asintomático, sin hábitos tóxicos ni antecedentes médicos de importancia. Actualmente bajo tratamiento ortodóntico, en donde el especialista lo alerta sobre la importancia de interconsultar con el Patólogo Bucal. Luego de una exhaustiva historia clínica, se toma muestra de la lesión y el examen histopatológico arrojó: hiperplasia epitelial exofítica, paraqueratosis excesiva y células superficiales en forma de globo con típica fragmentación nuclear, indicativo de inclusión viral (Cuerpos de Cowdry). Con estos hallazgos, la correlación con las características clínicas de la lesión y los exámenes serológicos (positivo para VIH), se llega a un diagnóstico conclusivo de Leucoplasia Pilosa Bucal (LPB). Se remitió el paciente al Instituto Anzoatiguense de la Salud (SALUDANZ), entidad encargada de problemas de Salud Pública en el Edo. Anzoátegui. La Leucoplasia Pilosa Bucal (LPB) se presenta comúnmente en pacientes VIH+ y representa un factor informativo y predictivo para el odontólogo, estomatólogo y cualquier especialista de la rama de la salud, en cuanto al tratamiento, diagnóstico y pronóstico bucal y sistémico del paciente.

We report the clinical case of a patient with whitish lesions on lateral tongue edges with 1 year of evolution approximately, clinically asymptomatic, without toxic habits or important medical history. The patient was in orthodontic treatment, when the specialist warns the importance of Bucal Pathologist review. After a thorough medical history, biopsy was taken and histopathological examination showed: exophytic epithelial hyperplasia, excessive parakeratosis and superficial balloon cells with typical nuclear fragmentation, indicative of viral inclusion (Cowdry Body´s). With these findings and correlation with lesion clinical features and serological tests (HIV positive), the final diagnosis was Bucal Hairy leukoplakia (OHL). The patient was referred Anzoatiguense Health Institute (Saludanz), entity responsible of public health problems in the Anzoátegui State, Venezuela. The Bucal Hairy Leukoplakia (OHL) occurs commonly in HIV patients and represents an informative and predictive factor for the dentist, stomatologist and any health branch specialist for treatment, diagnosis and prognosis of the patient.

Oral health status among psychiatric patients in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia / Estado de la salud oral entre los pacientes psiquiátricos en Riyadh, Arabia Saudita

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to describe the oral health status among psychiatric patients as compared to psychologically normal controls. METHOD: A convenience sample of 100 patients who regularly attended a psychiatric clinic in King Saud University, King Khalid Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, was selected as the study group. The control group consisted of 84 age- and gender-matched volunteers. All controls were screened using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) and five persons were excluded based on this. All the participants were interviewed and a comprehensive review questionnaire designed for this survey was completed, then they were examined. The examination involved an extra-oral examination as well as examination of teeth and soft tissues using the decayed, missing, filled teeth (DMFT) index, the Silness and Löe plaque index and the bleeding index. RESULTS: The study group had more tenderness in the masticatory muscles, especially the temporalis muscle. Temporomandbular joint findings showed no significant differences between groups. Decayed, missing, filled teeth index, plaque and bleeding indices were higher among the study group. The incidence of scalloped tongue was significantly higher among psychiatric patients. CONCLUSION: Oral health status is worse among psychiatric patients, who are more likely to develop some oral conditions, such as temporomandibular disorder and dental caries. It is necessary for both dental and mental healthcare providers to be aware of patients' needs and preventive measures to be instituted for them.

OBJETIVO: El propósito de este estudio es describir el estado de la salud oral entre los pacientes psiquiátricos en comparación con controles psicológicamente normales. MÉTODO: Una muestra conveniente de 100 pacientes que asistían regularmente a una clínica psiquiátrica en King Saud University, King Khalid Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, fueron seleccionados como grupo de estudio. El grupo control consistió en 84 voluntarios apareados por sexo y edad. Todos los controles tuvieron que pasar el tamiz del Cuestionario General de Salud (GHQ-28) y cinco personas fueron excluidas sobre esa base. Todos los participantes fueron entrevistados, y respondieron a un cuestionario integral de revisión diseñado para este estudio, tras lo cual fueron examinados. El examen conllevó un examen extraoral así como un examen de los dientes y los tejidos blandos, incluyendo el índice DMFT, el índice de placa de Silness y Löe, y el índice de sangramiento. RESULTADOS: El grupo de estudio tenía más sensibilidad en los músculos masticatorios, especialmente el músculo temporal. Los hallazgos de la articulación temporomandbular no mostraron ninguna diferencia significativa entre los grupos. Los índices de DMFT, placa, y sangramiento fueron más altos entre el grupo del estudio. La incidencia de lengua festoneada fue significativamente más alta entre los pacientes psiquiátricos. CONCLUSIÓN: El estado de salud oral es peor entre los pacientes psiquiátricos, que muestran una mayor tendencia a desarrollar algunas condiciones orales tales como trastorno temporomandibular y caries dentales. Es necesario que tanto los profesionales de la salud dental como los de la salud mental tengan conciencia de las necesidades de sus pacientes y de las medidas preventivas que es necesario instituir para ellos.

Blastomicosis oral, papilomatosis laríngea y tuberculosis esofágica / Oral blastomycosis, laryngeal papillomatosis and esophageal tuberculosis

El compromiso esofágico es una complicación infrecuente de la tuberculosis incluso en países con alta prevalencia de infección. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 57 años no seropositivo al virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), con diagnóstico simultáneo de blastomicosis en cavidad oral y papilomatosis laríngea, ambas confirmadas por anatomía patológica. La biopsia de esófago reveló esofagitis granulomatosa con necrosis; la tinción de Ziehl-Neelsen mostró bacilos ácido-alcohol resistente, sugerentes de tuberculosis. El antecedente de tuberculosis pulmonar en dos oportunidades y abandono de tratamiento determinó el inicio de tratamiento antituberculoso de segunda línea a través de un tubo de gastrostomía, más itraconazol vía oral. La evolución fue favorable.

Esophageal involvement is an extremely rare complication of tuberculosis even in countries with high prevalence of infection. We report the case of a 57 year-old hiv-seronegative patient with simultaneous diagnoses of oral blastomycosis and laryngeal papillomatosis. Both were confirmed by anatomopathological analysis. The esophageal biopsy revealed granulomatous esophagitis with necrosis and ziehl-neelsen stain showed acid-fast alcohol resistant bacilli suggestive of tuberculosis. The patient’s history included pulmonary tuberculosis twice and previous abandonment of therapy. Thus, it was necessary to use oral itraconazole combined with second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs administered through a gastrostomy tube. The clinical development was favorable.

Assessment and management of oral health in liver transplant candidates

Liver transplantation has become a standard treatment for end-stage liver disease and the number of recipients has grown rapidly in the last few years. Dental care during pre-transplant workup is important to reduce potential sources of infection in the drug-induced immunosuppression phase of liver transplantation. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to document the prevalence of oral abnormalities in patients on a liver transplant waiting list presenting to an urban dental school clinic, discuss the appropriate dental treatment according their systemic conditions and compare their oral manifestations with those of healthy individuals. Material and Methods: A pilot study was conducted involving 16 end-stage liver disease individuals (study group- SG) attending the Special Care Dentistry Center of the University of São Paulo and 16 control individuals (control group- CG) with no liver diseases, receiving dental care at the Dental School of the University of São Paulo. These individuals were assessed for their dental status (presence of oral disease or abnormalities), coagulation status, and dental treatment indications. Results: The patients from SG exhibited a greater incidence of oral manifestations compared with CG (p=0.0327) and were diagnosed with at least one oral disease or condition that required treatment. Coagulation abnormalities reflecting an increased risk of bleeding were found in 93.75% of the patients. However, no bleeding complications occurred after dental treatment. Conclusions: The patients with chronic liver diseases evaluated in this study exhibited a higher incidence of oral manifestations compared with the control group and had at least one oral disease or abnormality which required dental treatment prior to liver transplantation. Careful oral examination and evaluation of the patient, including laboratory tests, will ensure correct oral preparation and control of oral disease prior to liver transplantation.

Eliminación quirúrgica de tercer molar desde la fosa infratemporal por trismus severo / Surgical removal from third molar infratemporal maxillary by severe trismus

La limitación severa de la apertura bucal, Trismus corresponde a un cuadro clínico que puede tener etiología diversa. En este caso, nos referiremos a un paciente de género femenino, de 42 años de edad, que acude al Servicio de Cirugía Máxilofacial del Hospital del Trabajador de Santiago de Chile, quien consulta por un cuadro de limitación severa de la apertura bucal (8 mm.) de 5 años de evolución. Relata atenciones previas e intentos de eliminación quirúrgica del tercer molar superior izquierdo, lo cual no asocia a su limitación de apertura. Informa que ha recibido terapia kinésica, sin resultados favorables. Se realizan exámenes imagenológicos, distinguiéndose la presencia de un molar ectópico a nivel de la fosa infratemporal izquierda, bajo el arco cigomático y en relación con la apófisis coronoides ipsilateral. Se planifica la eliminación quirúrgica quirúrgica del cuerpo extraño mediante un abordaje intraoral bajo anestesia general. Se presenta el caso incluyendo el tratamiento quirúrgico y su evolución hasta la séptima semana del postoperatorio.

Estudio citomorfométrico de pacientes con cáncer y desórdenes potencialmente malignos de la cavidad bucal / Citomorphometric study of patients with cancer and potentially malignant disorders of the oral cavity

La detección temprana de lesiones bucales promete aumentar sobrevivencia y reducir la morbilidad de los pacientes que sufren esta condición. Un método alternativo para el examen de lesiones en la cavidad bucal, es la citología. Objetivo: valorar las relaciones del tamaño núcleo/citoplasma de células de mucosa bucal sana, de lesiones bucales potencialmente malignas y de cáncer bucal, obtenidas con citología exfoliativa utilizando citomorfometría. Material y método: Se realizó citología a 22 pacientes, de ambos sexos, con edades entre 23 y 81 años utilizando cytobrush. Las muestras se dividieron en tres grupos: 1) citologías de pacientes con lesiones de cáncer bucal (n=7); 2) citologías de pacientes con desórdenes bucales potencialmente malignos (leucoplasia y líquen) (n=15); 3) citologías del lado sano de pacientes con lesiones de cáncer y desórdenes bucales potencialmente malignos (grupo control) (n=15). Se seleccionaron 30 células de cada paciente y se midió el área nuclear (AN), la citoplasmática (AC) y se calculó la relación AN/AN. Se utilizó el Test de Kruskal Wallis y el Sofware estadístico Infostat. Resultados: No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los tres grupos estudiados al valorar la relación AN/AC. Teniendo en cuenta el género, se observó que en las mujeres se diferenciaron significativamente las células del grupo control de las de los grupos de lesiones. En el género masculino se observaron diferencias significativas entre los tres grupos celulares. No hubo diferencias significativas entre los diferentes grupos etarios .Discusión: A pesar de las diferencias significativas entre los géneros, no es posible hacer una buena separación de los tres grupos de estudio, utilizando solamente citología exfoliativa.

Early detection of bucal lesions promises to increase survival and to reduce morbidity in patients suffering from this condition. An alternative method for examining lesions in the bucal cavity is cytology. Objective: To assess by cytomorphometry the relationship of size nucleus / cytoplasm of superficial cells from healthy bucal mucosa, from potentially malignant bucal disordes lesions and bucal cancer using exfoliative cytology. Material and methods: PAP smear was performed in 22 patients of both gender, aged between 23 and 81. Cytobrush was used. The samples were divided into three study groups: 1) smears of patients with bucal cancer lesions (n = 7), 2) smears of patients with potentially malignant bucal disordes lesions (n = 15), lesions considered were leukoplakia and lichens ; 3) (control group) (n=15): smears of the healthy side of patients with cancer and potentially malignant bucal disordes lesions.Thirty cells were selected for each patient and the nuclear area (NA), cytoplasmic area (CA) were measured and the ratio NA / CA was calculated. We used Kruskal Wallis and Statistical Software InfoStat. Results: No significant differences were found between the three groups studied the relationship NA / CA was assesed . When comparing cells from each of the three groups considering the gender of the patients separately, we found that in women differ significantly from the control group cells and groups of injuries, we could not discriminate between cells obtained from potentially malignant bucal disordes lesions and cancer lesions . In the male gender differences were significant among the three cell groups. Discusion: Despite the significant gender differences, we could not difference the three study groups using only exfoliative cytology.

Condiciones bucales y sistémicas asociadas a la halitosis genuina / Oral and systemic conditions associated with genuine halitosis

La Halitosis es definida como un olor desagradable u ofensivo que emite la cavidad bucal, usualmente tiene una causa bucal, particularmente derivada del metabolismo bacteriano sobre los sustratos y aminoácidos que contienen azufre. Durante mucho tiempo, fue concebida como una consecuencia de la enfermedad periodontal, hoy en día se sabe que, ocasionalmente el consumo de ciertos medicamentos, disfunciones metabólicas, respiratorias, hormonales y otras alteraciones sistémicas pudieran ser el factor etiológico del mal olor de la boca, por lo que el propósito de esta investigación es analizar las condiciones bucales y sistémicas asociadas a la halitosis genuina en los pacientes que acuden a los postgrado de Periodoncia, Prótesis y Endodoncia de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Central de Venezuela (FdeOUCV) partir del sistema de registro organoléptico. 38 pacientes diagnosticados con halitosis, durante el período Marzo-Octubre 2010, fueron evaluados a partir de un consentimiento informado admitiendo su participación en el estudio, por medio de un cuestionario con una escala de medición de actitudes y respuestas, una historia de halitosis, un examen clínico para establecer la presencia o no de enfermedad periodontal, la valoración organoléptica en diversos lugares de la cavidad bucal (Rosenberg y Mc Culloch, 1992) y el índice de cubierta lingual (Winkel, 2003). El criterio de exclusión estaba determinado por la ingesta de antibióticos durante tres semanas previas al examen, no obstante ningún paciente fue excluido por esta situación. Se realizó el análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo respectivo. Se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa p<0,1 en el grupo con salud periodontal con respecto al grupo con enfermedad periodontal, en los aspectos relacionados con la sensación de hambre, sequedad y mal gusto en la boca y en relación con actitudes específicas asociadas a eructos, alejarse de otras personas...

The halitosis usually has a oral cause, particularly derived from the bacterial metabolism on the substrates and amino acids that contain sulfur. During long time, it was conceived like a consequence of the periodontal disease, nowadays knows that, occasionally the metabolic, respiratory, hormonal medicine consumption certain, dysfunctions and other systemic alterations could badly be the etiological factor of the scent of the mouth, reason why the intention of this investigation is to analyze the oral and systemic conditions associated to the genuine halitosis in the patients who go to the Periodoncia, Prosthesis and Endodontic of the Faculty of Dentistry of the Central University of Venezuela (FDOUCV) from the system of organoleptic registry. 38 patients diagnosed with halitosis, during the period March-October 2010, were evaluated from an informed consent admitting their participation in the study, by means of a questionnaire with a scale of measurement of attitudes and answers, a history of halitosis, a clinical examination to establish the presence or not of periodontal disease, the organoleptic valuation in diverse places of the oral cavity (Rosenberg and Mc Culloch, 1992) and the index of lingual cover (Winkel, 2003). The exclusion criterion was determined by the antibiotic ingestion during three weeks previous to the examination, despite no patient was excluded by this situation. The qualitative and quantitative analysis was made. Was a statistically significant difference p< 0.1 in the group with respect to the group with periodontal disease, in the aspects related to the sensation of hunger, dryness and badly taste in the mouth and in relation to specific attitudes associated to belches, to move away of other people, oral breathing and ingestion of liquids and candies, as well as in the index of lingual cover degree eight (8)....

Complicaciones estomatológicas en pacientes VIH positivos: correlaciones clínico demográficas y de laboratorio / Dental complications in HIV positive patients: clinical correlations demographic and laboratory

Las complicaciones estomatológicas (CE) en pacientes VIH+ muchas veces constituyen los primeros signos clínicos de la enfermedad, pudiendo funcionar como señalizadores del curso y progresión de la infección por el VIH y el SIDA. Este estudio evaluó la prevalencia de lesiones orales en pacientes VIH+ del Hospital de Enfermedades Infectocontagiosas Gizelda Trigueiro, en Natal-RN, Brasil y correlacionarlas con factores socio-demográficos como el sexo, edad, forma de contagio y status inmunológico. De acuerdo con los criterios de la EC-CLEARINGHOUSE/WHO, a través de examen clínico oral y conteo de células T CD4+ fueron evaluados 121 pacientes VIH+. Las lesiones más frecuentes fueron candidiasis (45.2%), leucoplasia vellosa (16.1%), eritema gingival linear (16.1%), herpes labial (12.9%), periodontitis necrosante (6.5%) y gingivitis necrosante (3.2%), ocurriendo con mayor frecuencia en hombres entre las edades de 30 a 44 años, que adquirieron el VIH a través de contacto sexual. Basado en los resultados de este estudio concluyese que hubo una prevalencia del perfil de complicaciones estomatológicas comúnmente relatado en la literatura. Las lesiones estuvieron asociadas a la reducción del número de células TCD4+, representando, por lo tanto marcadores de la progresión de la infección por el virus y/o de falla de la HAART, siendo así, un exhaustivo examen oral es importante en la evaluación clínica y acompañamiento de pacientes con VIH.

The stomatologic complications due to VIH infection are, a lot of times, the first clinical signs of the disease. These injuries may also function as beepers and sentries of the curse and progression of the VIH infection and SIDA. The objective of this work was to evaluate the prevalence of the oral injuries in VIH positive patients from the Hospital of Infected contagious Gizelda Trigueiro in Natal-RN, Brazil, and correlate them with demographic factors such as gender, age, form of VIH infection and immune status (T CD4+ cells). According to the criteria of EC-CLEARINGHOUSE/WHO, through clinical oral examination and T CD4+ cell count 121 patients were evaluated. The oral candidiasis was the most common lesion (45.2%), followed by oral hairy leukoplakia (16.1%), linear gingival erythema (16.1%), lips herpes (12.9%), necrotizing periodontitis (6.5%) and necrotizing gingivitis (3.2%), occurring predominantly in men between the ages 30 to 44 years, who acquired VIH infection through sexual contact. Based on the results of this study, concluded that there was a prevalence of the stomatologic complications profile that is commonly reported in the literature. These changes were associated with a decrease in the number of CD4+ T cells, representing markers of the infection progression and / or failure of HAART, so a thorough oral examination is important in clinical evaluation and follow up of patients with VIH.

Importância do atendimento odontológico em pacientes portadores de marcapasso e cardiodesfibrilador implantãvel / Importance of dental care in patients with pacemaker and implantable defibrilator

A relação entre infecção orais, bacteremia e infecções sistêmicas é um fato já estabelecida. Entretanto, a afirmação de que os micro-organismos orais são responsáveis por infecções secundárias em dipositivos cardíacos, como marcapasso e cardiodesfibriladores implantáveis, ainda é pouco citada na literatura. Sabe-se que não só em procedimentos odontológicos invasivos pode ocorrer esse tipo de manifestação. Ações rotineiras, como mastigação e higienização oral. Também são passíveis de provocar bacteremia e mesmo a instalação de doenças. Alguns fatores, como a quantidade de bactérias que penetram na corrente sanguínea, bem como seu potencial de patogenicidade parecem estar relacionados a fatores locais, como presença de infecção oral (biofilme, cárie, doença periodontal, infecções orais agudas). O objetivo dessa revisão é abotrdar a presença de infecções a bacteremia em portadores de marcapasso e cardiodesfibrilador implantável e sua relação com micro- organismos presentes na cavidade oral. Os métodos utilizadps foram busacas em banco de dados eletrônicos, como LILACS e MEDLINE/PubMed, e inspeção manual dos artigos. Apesar do vasto acervo de relatos sobre a presença de infecções...